A NEW global meta-analysis has examined the health implications of lacto-ovo-vegetarian and vegan diets in children under 18 years, comparing them to omnivorous diets across nutrient intake, growth, and health outcomes. The review, covering 59 studies and 48,626 participants worldwide, provides a comprehensive look at how plant-based diets affect childhood nutrition and development.
Nutrient Intake in Vegetarian and Vegan Diets
The study found distinct patterns in nutrient intake among children following vegetarian and vegan diets. Lacto-ovo-vegetarian children consumed less energy, protein, fat, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and zinc compared to omnivores, while intakes of fibre, iron, folate, vitamin C, and magnesium were higher. Vegan children showed similar trends, with calcium intake notably lower than both omnivorous and lacto-ovo-vegetarian peers. Despite these differences, most nutrient intakes remained within paediatric reference ranges, though specific deficiencies were more common in plant-based groups.
Growth, Body Composition, and Biomarkers
Growth measurements and body composition suggested a leaner phenotype in vegetarian and vegan children. Lacto-ovo-vegetarians had lower height, weight, BMI z-scores, fat mass, and bone mineral content, while vegans had shorter stature and had lower BMI z-scores. Biomarker analysis revealed lower ferritin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and lower haemoglobin and ferritin in vegans. The study noted increased odds of iron deficiency and anaemia in lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and vitamin B12 deficiency in vegans, highlighting potential areas for supplementation.
Cholesterol and Health Considerations
Both vegetarian and vegan children had lower total and LDL cholesterol levels, suggesting potential cardiovascular benefits. However, the authors emphasize the importance of careful dietary planning and supplementation, particularly for iron, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and calcium, to support optimal growth and prevent deficiencies.
This meta-analysis provides the most comprehensive evidence to date on plant-based diets in children, underlining both benefits and potential risks. Health professionals, parents, and caregivers should ensure balanced nutrition through careful planning and appropriate supplementation to maintain healthy growth and development in vegetarian and vegan children.
Reference
Lotti S et al. Lacto-ovo-vegetarian and vegan diets in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of nutritional and health outcomes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 202I; DOI:10.1080/10408398.2025.2572983.
