Articles

It takes an interdisciplinary approach to solve complex problems in the microbiome because you couldn’t ask for a more complex system.

EMJ is thrilled to present an interview with Massimo Colombo, Past Professor of Gastroenterology at the University of Milan, Italy, that…

There have been great advances in the field of generalised myasthenia gravis (gMG) in recent years, but many patients remain dissatisfied…

Medical and public health professionals are acutely aware of the significant public health concerns posed by adverse events (AE) during…

Our key discoveries range from epidemiologic evidence on breastfeeding and chronic disease prevention to mechanistic research on breast milk compounds and the infant microbiome.

Regenerative medicine has significantly impacted orthopaedic surgery by introducing biological therapies aimed at repairing, restoring, or…

Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) impacts 5–7% of all pregnancies. A pregnancy is considered previable, the fetus having…

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) primarily function as weak antigen-presenting cells (APC), but have also been shown to express…

David Resühr is transforming medical education with innovation. He is the brain behind several inventions, such as a DIY Ultrasound…

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) has significantly improved oncological disease management by enabling comprehensive…

According to the WHO, the proportion of the world’s population aged over 60 years will almost double, from 12% to 22%, between 2015–2050…

EMJ is delighted to introduce Axel Heidenreich, Professor and Director at the University of Cologne, Germany, who spoke to us about…

Capsule endoscopy was truly a disruptive technology that I had the opportunity to get involved with early on. Disruptive technologies do not come along very often…

Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and responsible for around 25% of all CVD-related deaths worldwide…

Sarcoidosis is a disorder that affects multiple systems with unclear causes and is relatively rare. The defining characteristic of this…

Fertility rates have reached the lowest level in recent years all over the world, even in traditionally overpopulated nations such as…

The editor’s pick for this issue is a review article discussing the promise of hyperpolarised xenon MRI, a non-invasive imaging technique…

Type 2 inflammation is involved in severe asthma (SA), chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and eosinophilic granulomatosis…

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity, which commonly presents with…

Tuberculosis (TB) represents a significant global public health issue, ranking as the 13th leading cause of mortality and standing as the…

Radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA), formerly known as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), is a chronic inflammatory disease that…

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection linked to genital, anal, and oral warts, as well as cervical and other…

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a complex, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, thin, aerobic bacterium…

The uncus is a hook-shaped structure located on the most anteromedial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, which is part of the medial…

Leiomyomas or fibroids are the most frequently encountered benign neoplasm of smooth muscle origin in women of reproductive age…

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are useful in treating musculoskeletal disorders, headaches, pain, fever, and others…

Selective angioembolisation is a common treatment modality for lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Sepsis is an uncommon complication of the…

The authors report a case of delayed transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) syndrome. A 60-year-old man was diagnosed with obstructive…

Intercellular communication, whether through direct cell–cell interactions or the transfer of secreted chemicals, is critical for the…

Chlamydiosis is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted illnesses globally caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis…

The thing about paediatric radiology is you cover all different systems. You’ll be doing the musculoskeletal system, the gastrointestinal system…

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, accounting for 10% of all cancer deaths in the UK during the period…

Looking back to the year 2000, we were very divided across the world in understanding PCOS. The Americans had a different definition from…

I really believe that precision medicine has become a reality. This means that you’ll soon be able to visit a normal doctor and have your…

​​Marco Rocha, Thomas Dirschka, and Alison Layton discuss the current acne landscape, the potential role of the skin microbiome in acne…

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the leading cause of hair loss in both men and women. Experts outline current and emerging therapies in the…

To discuss how biologics have disrupted clinical management of atopic dermatitis, and how tralokinumab fits into this paradigm, the EMJ sat…

Hair loss is a common problem in clinical dermatology, with many aetiologies including but not limited to androgenetic alopecia…

Hyaluronan, or hyaluronic acid (HA), is an extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan distributed throughout the body, primarily found in…

Congenital ichthyosis represents keratinisation disorders characterised by abnormal skin scaling across the entire body, leading to a red…

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a heterogeneous malignant neoplasm and can cause great morbidity as most occur in highly visible areas of…

SLE is a chronic and complex heterogeneous autoimmune disease in which the immune system dysfunctions and inappropriately attacks healthy…

Cancer is on course to be the leading cause of death in the EU by 2035. Europe’s population is ageing rapidly, and obesity rates continue…

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), central nervous system (CNS) WHO Grade 4 astrocytoma, is an almost uniformly lethal disease…

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, accounting for 12.5% of all new cancer cases per year.1 According to the Spanish…

Ovarian cancer is a serious type of cancer that affects women. It has high morbidity and mortality and is the seventh biggest cause of…

In modern oncology, the utilisation of gene expression assays has driven the development of personalised treatment strategies for patients…

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, locally aggressive sarcoma that most commonly occurs on the trunk of patients…

Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma (PMH) is an uncommon vascular tumour with challenges often in its diagnosis and treatment…

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a mitochondrial enzyme with a role in both the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain…

The main findings of the paper revealed that Black patients were underrepresented in clinical trials, particularly with respect to the newer diabetes therapies, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pervasive metabolic disorder associated with a spectrum of long-term adverse outcomes. Recent…

Diabetes is known to be a risk factor for active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and the reactivation of latent or previous TB. It is also…

Now, as a practicing physician, I have no insecurities about being a woman in business, because in my training, I would be in a room with hundreds of women at the Women’s Dermatological Society.

The treatment landscape for potentially surgically resectable Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly for…

The demand for highly skilled respiratory clinicians grows as respiratory care becomes increasingly complex with rapid advancement…

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common form of thyroid cancer, accounting for 80–85% of thyroid cancer cases…

The emerging class of agents targeting factor XI/XIa offers the paradigm-shifting possibility of ‘haemostasis-sparing anticoagulation’…

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an inherited disorder that may cause disabling and potentially life-threatening symptoms related to…

Sara Tolaney – I started having an interest in medicine from a young age. Part of what drove my interest was having various family members…

Today, the priority populations to target to prevent diabetes should be young adults who have inadequate diets. This information should guide public health action to prevent diabetes.

This case report presents an unusual clinical scenario where a patient experienced temporary paralysis of his lower limbs while driving…

COVID-19 vaccines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): two mRNA vaccines and a protein-based vaccine…

The number of transcatheter aortic valve replacements/implantations (TAVR/TAVI) has nearly equalled that of the number of surgical aortic…

The authors report the first case of oesophageal cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) co-infection in an immunocompetent…

Improve your awareness and management of patients with osteoarthritis using this interactive case study on a patient experiencing related symptoms

Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital disease involving the cardiovascular system. The presentation can range from being asymptomatic…

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a cholestatic condition that typically arises in childhood. As such, if an adult…

Before I decided to pursue a career in pulmonary medicine, I did internal medicine, and was really fascinated by dyspnoea (difficulty…

I believe the real cure lies in catching IBD even earlier than early, meaning, before the first symptoms appear. This concept, which was originally seen with a lot of scepticism, is now gaining momentum…

Cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death in patients on haemodialysis (HD).1 Cardiac valve calcification (CVC)…

Left ventricular myocardial crypts are rare structural abnormalities and are defined as invaginations traversing major than a half of the…

I decided to be an oncologist when I was in medical school, mainly because of the inspiring oncologists I met in training and also my…

Meningitis is a rare and unpredictable disease globally, with a high case fatality rate, causing an estimated 250,000 deaths in 2019…

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect more than 550 million people worldwide and are associated with substantial…

With osteoarthritis prevalence rising globally, this interactive case study was designed to highlight the patient journey of a someone with early-stage knee osteoarthritis

Hyperpigmentation disorders, a group of common skin conditions characterised by darkened patches due to excess melanin production, affect…

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis worldwide, causing pain, disability, and loss of function due to chronic joint disease​​…

Gadolinium is an invaluable contrast agent in MRI that has various important benefits in radiology. Its unique magnetic properties allow…

COVID-19 is a novel β-coronavirus caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. It is the third zoonotic disease caused by coronavirus to affect…

The worldwide prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) varies between 20–60% in men over 50 years. Similarly, about 50% of men…

A brain tumour develops as a result of abnormal cell growth in the brain. Tumours are classified as malignant or benign. Malignant tumours…

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a complex and chronic disease characterised by loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, and witnessed breathing…

Gynaecomastia, the clinical term for the enlargement of the male breast, is characterised by the histological finding of…

Tuberculosis is a well-known endemic disease in India; however, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in the form of single parotid gland…

The prevalence of both major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher among persons living with HIV (PWH)…

Vasculogenic female sexual dysfunction syndromes affect millions of ageing women worldwide, whose day-to-day symptoms of coital…

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) refers to a collection of rare and severe epilepsies that feature both seizures and…

This study investigates the impact of extracapillary proliferation in proliferative lupus nephritis on remission rates in patients.

I have worked previously in healthcare management consulting, health services research, clinical practice, and healthcare administration…

A 21-year-old female with a history of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with baseline HbA1c ranging from 8.8–12.5%, delayed menarche…

The healthcare industry is known for its demanding and stressful working conditions. The complex link between job-related stressors…

Caudal regression syndrome (CRS) is a group of defects with premature development of the terminal vertebral column, with an incidence of…

Cardiogenic shock continues to carry a high mortality rate despite contemporary care, with no breakthrough therapies shown to improve…

AIHA is an acquired, heterogeneous group of rare diseases with a prevalence of 17 per 100,000.1 This group includes wAIHA…

For clinical applications of AI, it’s still early; most are unlikely to be found at the patient’s bedside and are still in the research…

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with an estimated…

Individuals with neuromuscular diseases (NMD), where deterioration in bulbar function coexists with respiratory muscle weakness, are at…

The occurrence of intramedullary spinal cord abscesses (ISCA) is rare, a phenomenon attributable to a confluence of physiological and…

Fever is a common medical issue encountered in neurorehabilitation units. The most common cause of fever is infection; the common…

Scalp hair is often regarded as a symbol of beauty and vitality across many cultures. Consequently, the loss of hair can significantly…

A previously healthy 17-year-old male was transferred from a community hospital to the authors’ tertiary paediatric emergency department…

One of the wonderful opportunities I’ve had over the years is to interact and go across specialties, divisions, or departments. Here at Mayo Clinic, there’s a wonderful legacy of cross-disciplinary research…

I started off with no particular direction in mind and began training to be a general practitioner (GP). Realising that I needed more…

At the beginning of my research career, I investigated whether electrical stimulation could improve blood flow in the uterine arteries…

I completed my neurology training in Mumbai, India. At the end of my general medical degree, I was influenced by a top-rate neurologist…

When I graduated from Oxford in the early 80s, epidemiology was a key, innovative discipline. There were several important discoveries at…

Patricia Silveyra: Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University, Bloomington…

An ageing society is characterised by the elderly population, classified as individuals aged 65 years or older, constituting ≥7% of…

The present era of rheumatology is unmatched in history in terms of disease understanding, disease treatment, and disease discovery;…

Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders that affect the bone marrow, subsequently affecting the growth and relative…

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histological subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. However, splenic DLBCL is a…

In clinical practice, cases presenting with eosinophilia can sometimes be challenging due to their heterogeneous nature and diversity…

Gouty arthritis, also called monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition disease, is an inflammatory disease where monosodium urate crystals…

Infertility post stem cell allograft is a common event, with the frequency uncertain because the wish for pregnancy is not commonly…

When I was a junior doctor, I was exposed to a number of different chronic diseases. However, kidney disease fascinated me the most…

One-fourth of the global population is anaemic, and as the population is gradually increasing day by day, so does the number of anaemia…

At the end of medical school, it is difficult to choose a path for the future, a specialty for the next 50 years! Finding a good mentor is…

When I started as a neurologist and a clinical pharmacologist, there were a lot of interesting developments in movement disorders…

The management of liver cancer has changed dramatically during the 4 decades since I started as an internal medicine speciality fellow…

Portal hypertension is the major determinant of outcomes in patients with cirrhosis, defined as the presence of a hepatic venous pressure…

May-Thurner syndrome (MTS) is defined as symptomatic compression of the left common iliac vein by the overlying right common iliac artery…

Despite what Mohty described as “progressive advances in the field” over recent years, significant unmet needs remain in the front-line…

Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is an immune-mediated condition affecting the oesophagus, clinically characterised by symptoms of…

Immune complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (iMPGN) can develop in association with autoimmune diseases such as…

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to be a global public health problem. Globally, the prevalence of CKD is approximately 8–16% in the…

Due to the incapacitating nature of end-stage renal disease, people on dialysis frequently acquire undetected psychopathological disorders.

Quadricuspid pulmonary valve (QPV) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly in which the pulmonary valve has four cusps…

In the past two decades, since Andreas Gruentzig’s pioneering work introducing trans-lesional pressure gradient assessment as index…

Thymoma is often associated with many other autoimmune disorders and clinical conditions. Good syndrome is one of the rare associations…

Climate change is happening, with the evidence clearly demonstrating an increase in global temperatures; extreme weather events…