Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile, is a Gram-positive spore-forming and toxin-producing bacterium that causes diarrhoea in vulnerable patient groups. It is a common hospital-acquired infection but also occurs in the community.

All human diseases, including COPD, are the end result of gene–environment interactions.1 However, this conventional model is being modified. COVID-19 demonstrated that mortality is higher in older versus younger individuals. The viral and environmental exposures were the same, but the obvious difference was age.

Systemic Mastocytosis Disease Awareness Infographic: Learn more about this rare disease, its prevelance, symptoms, sub-types and diagnosis.

‘INGEST the best’ was the theme for the 30th anniversary of the United European Gastroenterology (UEG) Week, which took place in Vienna, Austria, and virtually on 8th–11th October 2022.

This is an observational, retrospective, longitudinal, between-groups study design. The authors collected clinical data from patients who had GIP measurement during follow-up from January 2017–June 2021. A descriptive and comparative analysis was performed using SPSS software (IBM, Armonk, New York, USA). The primary objective was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of GIP measurement during follow-up of patients with coeliac disease. The secondary objective was to analyse the relation between GIP levels and demographic data (gender and age), laboratory results, and histopathology.