WEARABLE technologies for diabetic foot ulcer monitoring have demonstrated potential for tracking key risk factors, including plantar pressure and temperature, according to a systematic review evaluating wearable devices used in patients at risk of developing these complications.
The review assessed the technological characteristics and clinical applications of wearable devices designed to support diabetic foot ulcer prevention and monitoring. Researchers examined studies involving human participants that evaluated foot based wearable systems, including smart insoles, sensor equipped footwear, socks, and external sensors.
A comprehensive search identified 1088 records, with 23 studies meeting the eligibility criteria. The included research varied in study design, sample size, and follow up duration. Most participants had diabetes, and many had a history of neuropathy or previous diabetic foot ulcers.
The findings indicated that wearable technologies primarily focused on monitoring plantar pressure and temperature, which are important parameters associated with diabetic foot ulcer risk. Devices differed in their sensor types, placement methods, number of sensors, communication protocols, and data acquisition rates.
The review found that wearable technologies could provide continuous monitoring of foot related parameters and may contribute to earlier identification of changes associated with diabetic foot ulcer development. Smart insoles and other sensor-based systems represented the most frequently evaluated approaches across the included studies.
The researchers assessed study quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool 2018 and synthesised results through descriptive analysis. The available evidence highlighted the expanding role of wearable technologies in supporting personalised monitoring strategies for patients with diabetes who are at risk of foot complications.
Despite promising applications, the review identified important limitations within the current evidence base. Variations in study methods, small participant groups, and short follow up periods restricted the ability to determine the long-term clinical impact of wearable technologies for diabetic foot ulcer management.
Further high-quality studies are needed to clarify how these devices may improve patient care, support early detection, and contribute to preventing diabetic foot ulcers. Establishing their effectiveness in clinical settings will be important for understanding their future role in routine monitoring strategies.
Reference
Ehtemam H et al. Wearable technologies for diabetic foot ulcer monitoring and risk prediction: systematic review. JMIR Diabetes. 2026;11:e84463.
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