An estimated 65 million people worldwide have moderate or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an umbrella term used to describe a group of progressive lung diseases that obstruct airflow such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Smoking contributes to an estimated 90% of COPD cases, as the harmful chemicals produced during tobacco combustion damage the lungs and airways. Although smoking cessation is the only intervention shown to improve COPD prognosis in smokers, many patients who try to quit continue to smoke.

Kari Tikkinen – Professor of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Finland; Consultant Urologic Surgeon at the Department of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland and the Department of Surgery, South Karelian Central Hospital, Finland

Influenza vaccination: Protection beyond flu. This content is from a symposium funded by Sanofi and presented at ECCMID 2022. Each speaker created their own presentation, and the recording was created by ECCMID.

Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (PSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterised by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands and…

Bhaskar Somani – Professor and Consultant Urological Surgeon, University of Southampton, UK; Clinical Director of South Coast Lithotripter Services, UK; Endourology Lead, University Hospital Southampton, UK

Metabolic acidosis is characterised by a primary decrease in the serum bicarbonate concentration, a secondary decrease in the arterial partial pressure of CO­2, and a reduction in blood pH. Metabolic acidosis, acute or chronic, may have deleterious effects on cellular function and cause increased morbidity and mortality.