A SURGE in hepatitis A cases across parts of Europe has prompted a rapid response from health authorities, with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) warning of high transmission risks in marginalised populations.
Between January and May 2025, Austria, Czechia, Hungary, and Slovakia reported a sharp increase in hepatitis A infections, particularly affecting adults experiencing homelessness, people who use or inject drugs, and those with limited access to hygiene and healthcare. Genetic sequencing shows the virus is spreading via person-to-person contact within linked communities, indicating cross-border transmission rather than separate outbreaks. The ECDC has called for urgent, coordinated public health measures, including vaccination and sanitation access, especially in affected groups.
A total of 2,097 cases have been reported across the four countries this year. Slovakia, amid a prolonged outbreak since 2022, recorded 880 cases in 2025 alone. Czechia reported 600 cases, with six deaths, many involving young children, while Hungary confirmed 530 cases, mostly among adults. Austria has seen 87 cases and three deaths, already surpassing its 2024 total. Though Germany is not considered an outbreak country, three genetically linked cases were identified, suggesting regional spread.
The ECDC warns the virus poses a high risk to adults over 40 years and a very high risk to those with existing liver disease. Officials stress the importance of targeted vaccination, community outreach, and ensuring access to soap, water, and sanitary facilities as essential both to halt transmission and address health inequities.
Hepatitis A remains a vaccine-preventable disease, but its impact is most severe where access to basic hygiene and healthcare is limited. Without fast, inclusive public health action, vulnerable communities remain at serious risk.
Reference
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). ECDC releases risk assessment with actions needed to address spike in hepatitis A cases. 2025. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/ecdc-releases-risk-assessment-actions-needed-address-spike-hepatitis-cases. Last accessed: 20 June 2025.
