READING for pleasure boosts memory, empathy and mental health, according to new comprehensive research.
With reading levels among adolescents and children at their lowest recorded levels and the number of people reading recreationally steadily declining, giving way to online activities like social media, scientists have found that regularly enjoying a book had repeatedly been shown to have many substantial and tangible cognitive benefits.
In this latest review of a body of evidence from years of study into the relationship between literacy and brain health, researchers at the University of Cambridge confirm that reading can improve health and wellbeing at any age – regardless of reading material.
Professor Barbara Sahakian and her team drew on subjective surveys and objective studies using longitudinal, neuroimaging, and behavioural methods, examining evidence for the protective factors of reading for pleasure on mental health and cognition.1
They found a range of results, highlighting consistent findings that link reading engagement with improved brain and mental health, better cognitive performance, and reduced risk of cognitive decline.
Survey data, including self-submitted questionnaires, showed that reading was associated with reduced stress, greater empathy, reduced feelings of loneliness and enhanced wellbeing.
Reading emerged as the most popular method for stress relief, with around two in five adults (38%) reporting that they turn to a good book as their favourite way to relax. Further research showed that reading just 20 minutes of fiction literature can reduce stress levels by 20% whilst boosting concentration and problem-solving skills.
Longitudinal cohort studies carried out over longer periods with more participants, showed that people who took part in cognitively stimulating activities, namely reading, had a lower risk of developing dementia and had, on average, slower cognitive decline – including those with lower educational attainment.
One study, for example, found that out of 500 adults aged 55 years and older, individuals who frequently engaged in activities including reading were significantly less likely to develop cognitive impairment over a five-year follow-up period.
Another found that reading material such as newspapers, magazines and books was associated with a 33% reduction in the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
Whilst many of these studies showed associations only, evidence is increasingly emerging for causal links between reading and brain health.
The researchers found that neuroimaging of the brain suggests reading is linked with structural and functional differences in regions supporting executive control, emotional regulation, and social cognition.
In children between the ages of 8 and 13, stronger reading ability has been linked to greater white matter integrity, particularly within left-hemisphere pathways that support language processing.
Youngsters with dyslexia aged between 7-11 showed behavioural gains such as improved reading skills but also significant increased in grey matter volume in certain areas of the brain after an 8-week reading training programme.
Structural changes in regions of the brain associated with reading and consumption of written media was also evident in adults.
In participants aged 18-25, one study found greater print exposure, including familiarity with author names and book titles, was associated with increased cortical thickness in key language-related regions, particularly the angular gyrus (BA39) and the inferior frontal gyrus triangularis
Functional imaging also revealed that the area of the brain known as the default mode network (DMN), linked to social behaviour, mood regulation and motivational processes, responded differently to different aspects of fiction text.
The team concluded that as an accessible and relatively low-cost solution, early reading interventions may represent a practical and scalable strategy for supporting brain health, cognitive development, and well-being.
In particular, its one that can be applied to diverse communities as findings for the benefits of reading were consistent across socio-economic status, income and education level.
These benefits, including better mental and cognitive health as well as reducing some of the negative effects of poverty on children’s learning and development, can continue long into adulthood.
Professor Barbara Sahakian said: “Reading is a great way to support our brain health, develop important cognitive skills and boost our wellbeing. It’s something we ought to be encouraging from an early age, given the increasing evidence of its benefits, particularly to children, but really, it’s never too late to start, and it can bring benefits throughout our lives and into old age.” 2
Colleague Dr Christelle Langley agreed, saying that we should be “putting everything we can” into encouraging reading among young people.
She added: The important thing is to find something they really enjoy – it might be a TV programme or a game – and use this as a way in. Reading comics and graphic novels could also be a helpful introduction as they might be seen as less intimidating, maybe less boring, than novels.”
However, the researchers emphasised that it is still not fully understand how these effects occur and that more research is needed to determine the underlying brain mechanisms.
References
1 Sahakian BJ et al. Reading and associations with brain health, cognition, well-being, and mental health. Psychological Medicine. 2026;56:e262. doi:10.1017/S0033291726105625
2 Brierly C. Reading for pleasure – and for better health. University of Cambridge. 2026. https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/reading-for-pleasure-and-for-better-health
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