Nephrology

Hypertension is a common complication in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), occurring in approximately 80–85% of patients. Blood pressure (BP) control is suboptimal in the majority of these patients. The link between uncontrolled hypertension and mortality among patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is well documented.

Global immunisation against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the standard-of-care in preventing COVID-19 and, in the absence of a specific antiviral therapy, the only effective action against this pandemic.

This infographic explores a contemporary strategy to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality associated with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).

This infographic explores the epidemiology, burden, and unmet need in IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Delving into the pathophysiology of IgAN, the infographic breaks down the different aspects of the kidney that are impacted by the inflammatory mediators endothelin-1 and angiotensin II.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common and early complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with uncontrolled SHPT have high parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels due to mineral metabolism disturbances of several biochemical parameters. These elevated PTH levels put patients at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and bone fractures. This infographic explores the current treatments available to treat mineral bone disease in CKD (CKD-MBD) and their failure to achieve balance across key disease parameters.

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder with an incidence of 1 in 3,000–5,000.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that can lead to kidney failure and the requirement for renal dialysis or transplantation. Early-stage CKD is often missed because the disorder is initially asymptomatic; hence, many patients with CKD already have symptomatic advanced disease (Stages G4–G5) at the time of diagnosis. This is an important issue because the drugs available for the treatment of CKD are most effective when given during the early stages of the disease (Stages G1–G3).

Previously, membranous nephropathies were divided into primary and secondary categories when the exact mechanism or pathogenetic factor were unknown. Approximately 70% accounted for primary membranous nephropathies. The remaining 30% were called secondary because they developed due to well-known diseases such as autoimmune diseases, tumours, infections, or drug assumptions.