Mary Ellen Sanders introduced ‘biotics’ as a family of four microbiome-targeted substances: probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics. Each type of biotic has the potential to impact the resident microbes of a host, which have diverse physiological functions, including promotion of fat storage and angiogenesis, immune development, synthesis of vitamins and amino acids, drug metabolism, modification of the nervous system, breakdown of food, resistance to pathogens, protection against epithelial injury, and modulation of bone-mass density.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are derived from Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive anaerobe. While there are seven subtypes of BoNT (A to G), only A…

Diabetes is one of the most significant comorbidities associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity,1 and recent statistics have…