Neurology

Phase 2 randomised controlled trial (RCT) of BMS-986446, a monoclonal antibody targeting the tau microtubule binding region (MTBR)…

A satellite symposium titled ‘Transforming MS Care: Early Intervention and Sustained Safety’ held at the 40th Congress of the European…

There have been great advances in the field of generalised myasthenia gravis (gMG) in recent years, but many patients remain dissatisfied…

This article summarises a LivaNova-sponsored symposium entitled ‘The Power of Real-World Evidence with CORE-VNS’, delivered on 7th…

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) refers to a collection of rare and severe epilepsies that feature both seizures and…

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies targeting proteins on the neuromuscular junction. Around 85%…

During this symposium, held at the 10th Congress of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN), speakers highlighted that chronic insomnia…

Nipocalimab, a high-affinity, fully human, aglycosylated, effectorless, monoclonal antibody, has been developed as an add-on treatment…

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with an estimated…

Individuals with neuromuscular diseases (NMD), where deterioration in bulbar function coexists with respiratory muscle weakness, are at…

The occurrence of intramedullary spinal cord abscesses (ISCA) is rare, a phenomenon attributable to a confluence of physiological and…

Fever is a common medical issue encountered in neurorehabilitation units. The most common cause of fever is infection; the common…

I completed my neurology training in Mumbai, India. At the end of my general medical degree, I was influenced by a top-rate neurologist…

When I started as a neurologist and a clinical pharmacologist, there were a lot of interesting developments in movement disorders…

The rare diseases Duchenne and Becker are X-linked recessive neuromuscular disorders.1 They are characterised by progressive…

A masterclass initiated, organised, and funded by UCB, sought to advance understanding and expertise of myelin oligodendrocyte…

Non-seizure symptoms in Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes can affect speech, gait, appetite, mood, development, and sleep and impact…

Many patients experience impairment following a stroke, including motor or cognitive impairment, urinary incontinence, dysphagia…

First described by German physician Peter Emil Becker in the 1950s, Becker is an X-linked genetic recessive disorder. Like Duchenne…

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that is estimated to affect approximately 300,000 individuals worldwide…

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome that can be challenging to identify due to its heterogeneous and..

The deficiency of arylsulfatase A due to the mutations in the ARSA gene is the cause of a rare inherited lysosomal storage disease…

It is essential to address psychological health, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among patients who have recovered from…

Carreño began by discussing the spectrum of uncontrolled epilepsies. They stressed that uncontrolled epilepsy does not necessarily…

This article has now been retracted and a retraction statement has been published.

In the rare neuromuscular disorders classed as NDM, muscle stiffness (myotonia) is the major symptom and is defined by a delayed muscle…

The maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is dependent upon several nuclear gene-encoded proteins including enzymes forming the…

My science degrees were pivotal in fuelling my passions and setting out my career path. During my undergraduate physiology degree…

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a unique disease with an autosomal recessive inheritance, occurring due to the accumulation…

COVID-19 infection was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, as a pneumonia outbreak presenting with fever…

Primary and secondary lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The World…

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillary complex…

Paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy is a syndrome with an unclear aetiology and wide array of symptoms. Some studies have identified a strong autoimmune component in the development of paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy, though some aetiologies are non-immune in nature.

Measurement of fluid biomarkers of neurodegeneration is an emerging approach offering improved diagnostic accuracy of neuropsychiatric conditions, particularly for atypical presentations. This article reports a case where the diagnosis of delirium with dementia was revised based on biomarker analysis, enabling treatment of a primary mood disorder with resolution of recurrent disabling psychiatric symptoms.

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), Alzheimer’s disease (AD [named after the German psychiatrist and neuropathologist, Alois Alzheimer, who first described it]), is considered as a major or mild neuro-cognitive disorder…

Amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare systemic disease caused by plasma cell dyscrasia. These plasma cells produce excess Ig light chains, which can misfold, aggregate, and deposit in tissues, resulting in toxicity and organ dysfunction. The heart is among the most commonly affected organs and cardiac involvement is associated with significantly worse outcomes.

While people with multiple sclerosis (MS) are not more likely to contract COVID-19, the incidences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19-related complications may be higher for people with MS who have comorbidities or who are taking certain disease modifying therapies (DMT).

Fox emphasised that PD is one of the fastest-growing neurological disorders. Disability and deaths related to it have more than doubled from 1990–2015. Its prevalence is expected to grow exponentially by 2040, affecting approximately 12.9 million individuals worldwide.

People with migraine, and individuals with other neurological conditions, have suffered in multiple aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper will discuss the factors that impacted the neurology department.

NDM includes a group of rare hereditary neuromuscular disorders caused by mutations in the genes that encode sodium or chloride muscle channels.1 Myotonia is the hallmark symptom of NDM and presents as muscle stiffness, often associated with pain, fatigue, and weakness, which can limit function.

Adult-onset idiopathic focal dystonia is the most common type of primary dystonia, and adult-onset idiopathic cervical dystonia (AOICD) is its most prevalent phenotype.

Patients can present with chief complaints and symptoms that differ from the eventual diagnoses. The differences between aetiologies versus complications must be appreciated through careful evaluation and use of clinical investigations, laboratory testing, trial of hypotheses, and clinical gestalt.

Diencephalic syndrome (DS), first described by Russell in 1951, is a rare cause of failure to thrive in infants and young children with preservation of linear growth.

MLD is caused by an accumulation of sulfatides in various organs and predominantly the central nervous system (CNS). Patients have an initial period of normal development, then experience developmental delay or stagnation (Figure 1).

Non-dystrophic myotonias (NDM) are a group of rare muscle disorders with a reported prevalence of 0.75−1.7 per 100,000 population (Figure 1).

Recognising acute stroke symptoms is crucial in providing timely treatment. However, evidence suggests that females often experience unique symptoms compared with males, resulting in delays to seeking medical attention and treatment.

Dysfunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) have been proposed as the aetiology for multiple neuropsychiatric diseases. While overactivity of NMDA receptors causing excitotoxicity has been implicated in epilepsy, dementia, and stroke, low activity may produce symptoms resembling those of schizophrenia.

Obesity and increased adipose tissue are linked with inflammation, the driving force behind neurologic disorders like Alzheimer’s disease…

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. It mainly occurs in patients with chronic liver…

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder attributed to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

Both spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are monogenic neuromuscular diseases, which cause progressive proximal-to-distal muscular weakness, leading to loss of motor function and related pulmonary and musculoskeletal co-morbidities and reduced survival.

NF1 is an autosomal dominant disorder, arising from a mutation in the gene that encodes neurofibromin. It is a tumour-predisposing…

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a rare disease, occurring in approximately 1 in 3,000 people. Among the numerous manifestations…

At the 7th Congress of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN), held virtually in June 2021, real-world data on the efficacy and safety of…

Multiple sclerosis is a common and chronic neurological disorder that affects over 2.8 million individuals worldwide every year…

Cannabidiol (CBD) comes from Cannabis sativa, which is a medicinal plant known to have several properties. Several types of extracts from…

Ioannis Sfontouris  | President of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN); Professor of Neurology and Head of the Neurology Department… %

Here the speakers present highlights of a virtual satellite symposium at the 7th Congress of the European Academy of Neurology…

Both my parents were clinical biochemists, and ran their lab next to our house, so I grew up in between microscopes, electrophoretic apparatuses…

Since medical school I have had a special interest in cognitive neurology and higher cortical functions, and actually started out doing a…

Vocal cord paralysis or weakness can be a symptom of malignancy, caused by viral infection, iatrogenic, a result of trauma, idiopathic…

Turner syndrome (TS) is one of the most frequent chromosomal aberrations, caused by the partial or complete loss of one X chromosome…

The patient was admitted to the hospital for further study of the neurological changes, treatment of serious anaemia…

Parsonage–Turner Syndrome (PTS) is a rare disease of the brachial plexus of unclear aetiology. The authors present a case of PTS with a rare combination of unilateral brachial plexus, phrenic nerve, and recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries.

This document aims to provide an overview of the clinical and regulatory challenges faced in the use of cannabinoid-based products in medicine, without becoming a comprehensive humanity review of the literature on the medical possibilities of cannabinoids.

Non-dystrophic myotonias (NDM) manifest as delayed muscle relaxation (myotonia) leading to muscle stiffness that may diminish or worsen…

Migraines involve intense head pain, which severely affects the activities of daily living, and is the is the third most common disease in the world…

Infection of the central nervous system is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children.

Neurologists are familiar with S1P receptor modulators as a class, largely based on several years’ experience with fingolimod. Siponimod and ozanimod…

This series of four talks was aimed at providing healthcare professionals (HCP) with an understanding of the need for early diagnosis of AD to enable refined care

I became interested whilst working in multiple sclerosis clinics roughly 20 years ago. Some of my patients came to the clinic and told me that they…

Presented here are highlights of a virtual satellite symposium from the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) 2020 Virtual Congress…

The global population is ageing, and the prevalence of dementia is increasing. Current conventional drug therapy lacks efficacy; therefore…

The human body harbours a diverse community of symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic micro-organisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi…

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative condition with few effective treatments. New techniques have been developed to provide a more accurate diagnosis, earlier in the disease course.

This article serves as a review of the approach to a patient with suspected neurological infection with an emphasis on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the major causes of meningitis and encephalitis.

Schwannomas are benign, painless, firm nodules, 1–2 cm in diameter, that develop from the Schwann cells of peripheral nerve sheaths…

Neurodegenerative disorders constitute a worldwide concern attributable to the ageing of the human population.

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a form of rapidly progressive, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy.

The ‘treatment gap’ for people with epilepsy is a global health emergency; this is the number of people who need epilepsy treatment but are not…

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical condition characterised by headache, visual disturbances, seizures, and confusion…

This symposium took place on Monday 24th June 2019, as part of the 2019 Peripheral Nerve Society (PNS) Annual Meeting in Genoa, Italy.

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder with an approximate global prevalence of 15%. It is characterised by a moderate-to-severe unilateral…

Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) describes a heterogeneous group of rare neurodegenerative diseases. PCH is characterised by hypoplasia of the cerebellum…

Seizures are one of the most common medical problems affecting children, and epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological condition in children…

There is growing evidence for the connection between mitochondrial alterations in psychiatric disorders and psychiatric symptoms in mitochondrial…

In 2015, 46.8 million individuals worldwide had a neurodegenerative disease, with 4.6 million new cases being recorded each year.1 Many of these…

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is first perceived as a disease affecting voluntary motor and sensory systems. The autonomic dysfunctions associated…

The cases of bilingual aphasia are increasing worldwide, as they also reflect the globally increasing number of individuals speaking more than two…

It is well established that pregnancy has a clear impact on disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS); the relapse rate decreases during…

The 5th International Symposium on Collaterals to the Brain (Collaterals 2018) took place on 6–8th November 2018 in Los Angeles, California, USA.

This symposium took place at the 4th Congress of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) 2018 in Lisbon, Portugal, and focussed on the effective…

The field of neuromuscular diseases (NMD) has evolved at an unprecedented speed over the last two decades. Due to advances in molecular genetics…

This narrative review examines connections between neurology, specialist palliative care, and an integrated palliative approach to care for people living…

Behçet’s disease is an idiopathic chronic relapsing multisystem vascular-inflammatory disease of unknown origin, which usually presents with orogenital ulceration and uveitis and is identified as the triple-symptom complex.

Tauopathies are a major group of neurodegenerative disorders characterised by the presence of tau-immunoreactive inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons…

Neuromyelitis optica is characterised by severe visual impairment and neurologic dysfunction, and aggressive plasmapheresis treatment is often recommended.

During the prestigious Neuro Convention conference, which took place at the ExCeL, London, UK from 6th–7th June 2018, the European Medical Group…

During a captivating 2 days at European Neuro Convention, an event which took place at the ExCel London from 6th–7th June 2018…

A clinical scale that takes a broader, deeper view of Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms is the latest milestone in a collaborative effort by My PD…

Sleep problems represent a worldwide health concern among older adults, with an increasing prevalence of multimorbid conditions and a decreased quality…

Migraine is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite increasing knowledge about its pathophysiology and neurobiology over recent times, treatment…

Additional efficacious treatment options for stroke are urgently needed as thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy are too rarely utilised due to the…

Headaches are common in children and adolescents, and are the most common pain complaint when seeking medical advice.

Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) viruses cause infectious diseases that are of public health importance. Billions of people from all over the world are at…

Neurosyphilis can manifest as recurrent brain infarction, although not frequently, but can be challenging to diagnose due to atypical presentations.

Migraine prophylaxis represents a better choice than symptomatic drugs, both for safety and for effectiveness.

Management of chronic pain, usually associated with comorbid conditions, remains challenging. General practitioners, together with multidisciplinary…

Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) are useful therapeutic tools to improve functional outcomes after recanalisation of…

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and fatal muscle condition affecting young children. Without interventions, affected boys lose the ability…

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. There are currently…

Parkinson’s disease is a complex, progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with both motor and non-motor symptoms. Current treatment strategies…

Sleep is becoming an increasingly scarce commodity, especially among adolescents. For a teenager to perform at maximum cognitive levels, sleep…

Diabetes is a non-communicable disease (NCD) meaning that it often cannot be seen. After 20 years of living with Type 1 diabetes I am lucky to have no…

Brain volume loss (BVL) progresses more rapidly in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than in healthy individuals, and brain atrophy begins early in…

Apathy, or lack of motivation, is increasingly recognised as a major factor affecting quality of life and prognosis in Parkinson’s disease (PD)…

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterised by widespread loss of lower motor neurons from the spinal…

Wilson’s disease is a rare, autosomal recessive, genetic, copper overload disease, which evokes multiple motor or neuropsychiatric symptoms and liver…

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of neurological disability in young populations after trauma and represents a significant personal…

This paper reports a rare case of sporadic variation of haemangioblastoma (HB) presenting as multiple lesions within the posterior fossa. A whole…

Among many important advances in the management of transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and stroke are: the updated definition of TIA; risk stratification…

The events of the past year have highlighted the continuing importance of emerging virus infections on the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disease.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder, characterised by inflammation and neurodegeneration.

This educational symposium, sponsored by Britannia Pharmaceuticals Limited, was held during the 1st Congress of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN)…

Sarcoidosis is a non-caseating, granulomatous inflammatory disorder that can affect the central nervous system (CNS), including the hypothalamic–pituitary..