Articles

Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumour which arises from the adrenal cortex with diverse clinical manifestations due to excessive…

Renal arteriovenous malformations and fistula are an uncommon, underdiagnosed condition that can be asymptomatic.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main tool of detection for prostate cancer (PCa).

Anterior urethral strictures affect the male urethra between the tip of the penis and the apex of the prostate.

Premature ejaculation (PE) can be a very distressing condition and has been studied for many years.

Renal stones are a common condition causing significant morbidity and economic burden.

MENTAL HEALTHCARE within the UK and globally has come under increasing scrutiny. With mental health problems being the main cause of overall disease…

The National Health Service (NHS) in the UK is set to introduce major changes to the NHS Choices website in the following months, after an increased…

Global warming remains one of the largest global threats to our health. The size of the challenge is immense but political interventions have so far…

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing process. This technology provides us with the opportunity to create 3D structures by adding…

The emergence of B cell receptor (BCR) kinase inhibitors has recently changed the treatment landscape in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The…

Haemangiomas are benign tumours growing by vascular endothelial hyperplasia, commonly occurring in females.

In recent decades, tremendous medical advances have been made. Therapeutic cardiac catheterisation for repair of congenital heart defects has become the…

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an alternative, less invasive method to use for aortic valve replacement in high-risk patients. This…

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, yet has historically lagged far behind rheumatoid arthritis in terms of drug development.

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Current treatment strategies aimed at treating the consequences of coronary…

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a highly prevalent disease related to the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. A large body of evidence has suggested…

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterised by recurrent thromboembolic events (arterial or venous) and/or morbidity…

The micro and macrovascular complications of Type 2 diabetes mellitus are influenced by several well described cardiovascular risk factors such as…

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and fatal muscle condition affecting young children. Without interventions, affected boys lose the ability…

The Liver Meeting 2016, held by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, supported the…

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) rates have been increasing, with a corresponding rise of morbidity and mortality. The primary treatment modality of…

When looking at the relationship between young people and health, the question must be considered: what does ‘healthy’ mean or look like today?

Coffey et al.1 justify the designation of mesentery as an individual organ. Various news outlets have posted articles on this topic with sensational…

A growing stream of literature argues for a more active role for patients and caregivers in healthcare delivery, namely in…

Last year in England alone there were approximately 57 million failed attempts to book general practitioner appointments.

Digital technologies are changing how we practice and experience healthcare. This review focusses on the role of eHealth technologies in facilitating…

Personalised medicine, with the aid of companion diagnostics, is a burgeoning field. The potential benefits of personalised medicine…

Self-management programmes for epilepsy have been developed and studied for several decades but have proven difficult to implement and sustain…

The purpose of this study was to calculate the prevalence and nature of item construction flaws within one large medical school and to identify several…

In the past decade, imaging has advanced to become a crucial tool in fundamental and biomedical research and it has become increasingly important…

Objective: The utility of virtual reality (VR) pain management to reduce visceral or autonomic responses is presented in 115 cases…

The relationship between intestinal microbiota and the brain has been the focus of attention of the scientific world in recent years; >90% of the…

To better understand what may be considered ‘innovative’ in healthcare, we suggest criteria for innovation and identify potential challenges to newly introduced innovations in the field.

Mobile health (mHealth) is the utilisation of mobile technologies in healthcare and has particular relevance in improving lifestyle behaviours…

…The findings of the study showed that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who received the drug Relvar…

Coronary bifurcation disease (CBD) is frequently found in patients undergoing coronary interventions. Optimal management of CBD is technically demanding…

The use of transcatheter aortic valve implantation is increasing worldwide, with rapid development of new generations of valves and the search for…

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune epithelitis and recent advances in our comprehension of its pathophysiology strongly suggest a…

Since the early 2000s, an increasing number of studies have focussed on the adverse health effects of sitting. Sitting, together with other activities…

Introduction: Whiplash or indirect injuries to the neck are a common occurrence because of motor vehicle collisions, in which the frequency of ocular…

The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress was held in Copenhagen, Denmark from 7th–11th October 2016. The use of the promiscuous…

Endoscopic lung volume reduction (ELVR) mainly comprises endobronchial valves (EBV) and endobronchial coil (EBC) implants. EBV aims to occlude the most…

Non-transfusion-dependent thalassaemia (NTDT) is a rather broad term that encompasses a group of thalassaemia syndromes, most commonly β-thalassaemia…

Parkinson’s disease is a complex, progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with both motor and non-motor symptoms. Current treatment strategies…

Occupational allergies are groups of work-related disorders that are accompanied by immunologic reaction to workplace allergens and include occupational…

Allergen-specific immunotherapy remains the only causal treatment of allergic disease to date. Its efficacy in symptom reduction was demonstrated in…

People with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), compared with non-diabetic individuals, have increased cardiovascular risk. Part of this excess risk is…

The increasing sophistication of vascular stent design, especially devices that combine mechanical support with local drug delivery to the vascular wall…

Percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents (DES) is a well-established and widely-accepted treatment approach in patients with coronary…

At the start of November 2016 the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication was opened within the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical…

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are one of the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide. They are the mainstay for treatment of most gastric acid-related…

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is a very successful option for the management of obesity, and our understanding of how this intervention…

In this century, eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) has become a more recognised allergic disease, resulting in the publication of two consensus reports…

Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is an emerging disorder that manifests clinically with characteristic symptoms of oesophageal dysfunction…

Background: Infliximab (IFX) trough levels measurement could partially explain mechanisms of loss in response to this drug.

Barrett’s oesophagus (BO) is one of the most important complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease as it may progress to oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Eosinophilic oesophagitis is an inflammatory condition associated with marked eosinophil accumulation in the mucosal tissues of the oesophagus.

When you read the words “Living well with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,” the first thought that may spring to mind is “You have to be kidding!”…

Sleep is becoming an increasingly scarce commodity, especially among adolescents. For a teenager to perform at maximum cognitive levels, sleep…

Paediatric cancer treatment has advanced significantly over the last half century to a point where >80% of all childhood cancer cases survive >5 years…

Since their introduction in 2001, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting BCR-ABL have become the standard therapy for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML).

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has become a standard procedure for functional treatment of benign pathologies. Materials and improved surgeon skills have…

Breast cancer is one of the deadliest cancer types worldwide and consists of several subtypes differing in their molecular characteristics; each subtype…

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, arising from the interstitial cells of…

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of myeloid disorders. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is the therapeutic approach…

The occurrence of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in men with prostate cancer is common. Although relieving the obstruction may not change prognosis, it…

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), or more commonly known as the ‘kissing disease’ is seemingly unavoidable within the adolescent and teenage community.

Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit. AV has a multifactorial pathogenesis with specific roles played by the…

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are among the most concerning drug reactions affecting adults and children. Although the overall…

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases in the world. There are many factors involved in its pathogenesis. The dermatosis is characterised…

Leprosy is a model disease for understanding human immune responses underlying diseases caused by intracellular pathogens, as well as providing valuable…

Background: The face is the most common site affected by skin cancer in the body and of the facial skin it is the nose that bears the brunt of the attack.

Background: The neonatal period is a phase of adaptation during which several skin conditions can develop. Most of these findings characterise the…

Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease of worldwide distribution and is still endemic in some developing countries. Brucellosis is a systemic…

As innovation catalyses the potential for personalised medical diagnosis and treatment the English National Health Service (NHS) moves to embrace these…

There is growing evidence indicating the effects of medications for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on bone metabolism and fracture risk.

The majority of patients with Type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy for treating hyperglycaemia. There are several regimens available for insulin…

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major public health problem with various complexities involved in its diagnosis. Traditionally an oral glucose…

Chorioretinal vascular diseases are among the leading causes of blindness in industrialised countries. The recent development and widespread adoption of…

Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) was incorporated into patient diets in order to study its effects on the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG)…

To evaluate the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms, lung function impairment, and chronic obstructive respiratory diseases in crop farmers. Our…

We report a case of systemic lupus erythematosus in a 27-year-old female complicated with pneumonia and severe respiratory failure, requiring treatment…

Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer (LC) worldwide, however any continuing effects of smoking or cessation following a diagnosis are less well…

Major changes are bringing a new dimension to thoracic surgery and lung transplantation. This article reports the foremost recent advancements within the…

Pneumoconiosis as an occupational disease is a serious threat to the health of workers. Patients with pneumoconiosis are mainly engaged in dust-related…

The success and evolution of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) renewed the interest for thoracoscopic operations in awake patients. Non-intubated…

Comorbidities are common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cardiovascular comorbidity is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in…

The original Fontan procedure was first introduced in the 1970s. The concept behind this surgical technique was revolutionary. It has subsequently…

Although there have been marked improvements in both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions over several decades, coronary artery disease (CAD) remains…

An elderly hypertensive lady presented to us with acute coronary syndrome; an angiogram revealed total thrombotic occlusion of large left circumflex…

Coronary artery spasm is an abnormality of coronary vascular smooth muscle contraction that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The…

Heart valve disease is a very common medical condition; the most frequent aetiology is degenerative valve disease, mainly represented by calcific aortic…

This case report describes a 27-year-old pregnant woman with a gestational age of 26 weeks and 3 days who developed cardiac arrest in her home…

Chest pain and coronary artery disease (CAD) impose a substantial burden on public health and society. Diagnostic imaging tests are used by clinicians to…

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in men aged >60 years, affecting urinary and bladder function. Due to the progressive nature of the disease…

Imagine. When you are well, the last thing you have on your mind is your health. We all take feeling normal for granted. When we feel right, all is fine.

Patients of any age with a serious progressive illness and a limited life expectancy that ranges up to a few years can be managed by palliative care.

The scope of this short review is to discuss the current state of practice in detection and removal of sessile serrated polyps (SSPs) during…

The evaluation of patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and other functional somatic syndromes can appear intimidating, but a high index of suspicion and a…

The main objectives of erectile dysfunction (ED) management are to control and reduce associated organic cardiovascular risk factors and to restore the…

Chronic cystitis may be due to different known causes. Current basic science research has revealed a wide consensus that chronic cystitis may arise from…

On January 14th 2016, SB4 (Benepali®) received marketing authorisation application approval from the European Commission (EC). It is the first biosimilar…

Stent thrombosis is a life-threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention that often results in ST-segment myocardial infarction or …

The term spondyloarthritis (SpA) is used to describe a heterogeneous group of diseases sharing certain characteristics.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women is an endemic and costly problem. It is associated with a significant burden on both a personal and community…

Cirrhosis is the final stage of chronic liver disease and has many causes, including viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol intake, and non-alcoholic…

Although carotid artery stenting is a safe and effective treatment for preventing ischaemic stroke in significant carotid atherosclerotic disease, it can…

Liver cirrhosis represents a severe complication for hepatitis C patients. Patients with cirrhosis require immediate treatment; a sustained virological…

Within 10 years following a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), only 60% of vein grafts and 90% of internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts remain patent.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) disproportionately affects adolescent and young adult (AYA) females and can negatively impact their short and long-term…

Fetal macrosomia is associated with a number of health complications for both mother and infant in the immediate, short, and long-term. Maternal obesity…

There has been an increase in the incidence of prostate cancer over time, and it now constitutes 15% of all male cancers in…

The progesterone vaginal ring (PVR) Progering® has been shown to be effective as a contraceptive in breastfeeding women who need safe and effective…

Lipschütz ulcers (LU) are acute genital ulcers that occur in women. These ulcers are painful and cause enormous emotional stress to the affected person…

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is associated with an increased risk of monozygotic twinning. This narrative review attempts to summarise the…

A 42-year-old primigravida was admitted to the delivery suite for induction of labour at term due to gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia. Her booking…

How dare I, a serious academic, behave in the same way as everyone else and engage with social media? Read and find out more

According to Merriam-Webster, innovation is: “the introduction of something new.” As we look into business with various companies however, they are…

Drug allergy, in clinical practice, includes a wide spectrum of immunologically-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, also called drug hypersensitivity…

Atopic dermatitis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder often associated with asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.

The quest for an ideal biomarker for Eosinophilic oesophagitis continues. Read the research and find out more

Eosinophilic oesophagitis is a chronic condition presenting eosinophilic inflammatory changes of the oesophagus with oesophageal symptoms.

Asthma is characterised by episodic bronchospasm, airway hyperreactivity, and airway inflammation. Current treatment is aimed at reversing bronchospasm…

The purpose of this article is to review the pathophysiology of ADRs, describe the signs and symptoms of different classifications of ADRs, and present the medical and wound treatment for patients with systemic and cutaneous reactions to drug allergies.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are used in several indications for the prevention and treatment of thrombotic events. As highlighted by data from…

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the eighth most common malignancy worldwide. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent subtype, accounting…

Inherited thrombocytopenias comprise a heterogeneous group of blood disorders with abnormalities in genes related to glycoproteins and adhesion molecules…

The next-generation sequencing era has repeatedly demonstrated that the amount of acquired somatic mutations in paediatric cancers can rarely account for…

Less than 50% of patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) experience long-term survival and for those adults >60 years old, long-term…

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common haemoglobinopathy worldwide and its frequency has steadily increased in Europe in the past decades. SCD is a…

“Paul, that sugar you are adding to your tea is too much,” said my mother as I added the fourth cube to my teacup. She would say the same thing when…

Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) is a chronic, progressive, systemic, human autoimmune disease in which an auto-inflammatory process within the salivary and…

The aim of the present review is to summarise the results from recent clinical studies on the basis of the newly proposed temporal classification of…

People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are often under-recognised as a group with elevated risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and increased morbidity…

Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis which affects the skin and musculoskeletal system. If not diagnosed early and treated effectively it can…

The current goals in the development of novel therapeutics of systemic autoimmune diseases are to develop agents more effective than conventional…

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are traditionally identified as a group of disorders that target skeletal muscle due to autoimmune dysfunction…

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality in patients ≥60 years old worldwide, and may result in stable angina, acute coronary…

Diabetes is a non-communicable disease (NCD) meaning that it often cannot be seen. After 20 years of living with Type 1 diabetes I am lucky to have no…

Apathy, or lack of motivation, is increasingly recognised as a major factor affecting quality of life and prognosis in Parkinson’s disease (PD)…

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterised by widespread loss of lower motor neurons from the spinal…

Wilson’s disease is a rare, autosomal recessive, genetic, copper overload disease, which evokes multiple motor or neuropsychiatric symptoms and liver…

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of neurological disability in young populations after trauma and represents a significant personal…

This paper reports a rare case of sporadic variation of haemangioblastoma (HB) presenting as multiple lesions within the posterior fossa. A whole…

Among many important advances in the management of transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and stroke are: the updated definition of TIA; risk stratification…

Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BRS)/bioabsorbable stents are a new and promising generation of intravascular devices that may potentially circumvent…

Agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) pathway, as well as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors…

A consistent body of evidence supports an independent association between uric acid (UA) level and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans.

In chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease patients cardiovascular disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality, with incidence…

In this review, the authors briefly examine the most recent evidence concerning the role of several proteins involved in tubular urate transport.

Hypertension and diabetes commonly coexist. Both are major modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

Creatinine, although widely used as a biomarker to measure renal function, has long been known as an insensitive marker of renal impairment.

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is defined as a transformation of tubular epithelial cells into mesenchymal ones.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become an integral step in the management of patients with ischaemic heart disease. Bifurcation lesions are…

Since its introduction into clinical practice, coronary angioplasty has seen game-changing advances incomparable to any other medical technology. In…

Optimal treatment of bifurcation lesions is still a major challenge for coronary intervention. A planned two-stent approach may be more appropriate when…

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction results from acute occlusion of a coronary artery. Mortality is high in this acute coronary syndrome…

Spontaneous carotid artery dissection (SCAD) is a common cause of ischaemic stroke in young patients. Though SCAD is usually defined as carotid artery…

Aortic valve replacement is the mainstay of treatment for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. In this setting, the rapidly evolving field of…

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the most common form of revascularisation in patients with coronary artery disease in both the elective and…

The global burden of non-communicable diseases has reached an alarming level. The epidemic of Type II diabetes mellitus has engulfed >50% of…

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) will soon become a prominent part of the medical and economic burden on many Western countries’ healthcare systems.

Rifaximin (RFX)-α is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that targets commensal gut bacteria and reduces the excess ammonia produced by the gut bacteria of…

The majority of patients (worldwide) diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 2016 will not be candidates for a potentially curative therapy…

he role of different lipid species such as free fatty acids and sphingolipids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been extensively studied…

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a serious consequence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), which infects and replicates in the liver.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which are usually associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, are…